ہندوستان میں شادی کی عمر: ایک تاریخی جائزہ
ذکی نورعظیم ندوی
(لکھنو)
چندمہینوں قبل ہندوستان میں شادی کی عمر اس وقت موضوع بحث بنی جب مرکزی حکومت نے شادی کے تعلق سے متعینہ عمر میں ایک بار پھر تبدیلی کی تجویز پیش کی اور لڑکیوں کی عمر 18 کے بجائے 21 اور لڑکوں کی21 کے بجائے 23 متعین کرنے کی قرارداد منظور کی گئی۔پھرگزشتہ ہفتوں ایک ٹیلیویڑن مباحثہ کے بعد ایک مرتبہ پھر یہ مسئلہ نا صرف دوبارہ موضوع بحث بن گیابلکہ ملکی سطح پر اس قدر تشویش ناک رخ اختیار کرگیا جس کا اثر بین الاقوامی سطح پر بھی محسوس کیاگیا اورمختلف عرب ومسلم ملکوں کے علاوہ دیگر بڑے ملکوں نے بھی اس سلسلہ میں ہندوستانی ماحول پر فکرمندی کا اظہار اورسفارتی سطح پر اس کی مذمت کی، جس کی وجہ سے حکومت ہند کی سبکی بھی ہوئی اورحکومت کواس سلسلے میں کارروائی کرنے پر مجبور بھی ہونا پڑا اور وضاحت بھی پیش کرنی پڑی۔
اس مباحثہ میں غیرمناسب انداز میں نہ صرف سب سے عظیم مذہبی شخصیت اور رہنما پر گستاخانہ تبصرہ کیا گیا بلکہ اس کے ذریعہ ملک کی مذہبی رواداری کو ٹھیس پہنچانے کی ایک ایسی غیر معقول اور نا روا حرکت سرزد ہوئی جس سے ملک کی تاریخی مذہبی ہم آہنگی اورایک دوسرے کے احترام کے روایتی تاریخی موقف اور مزاج کو سخت نقصان پہنچا۔
اگردیکھا جائے تونبی اکرمؐ کی شادی کے تعلق سے اعتراضات خاص طور پر حضرت عائشہ ؓسے ان کی شادی صدیوں سے موضوع بحث رہی ہے اور مختلف غیرمسلم دانشوروں خاص طور پر مستشرقین کی طرف سے اس موضوع کو باربار اچھال کر نبی اکرمؐ اوراس کے بہانے اسلام کو نشانہ بنانے کی مذموم کوششیں بار بار ہوتی رہی ہیں اورمسلم دانشوروں وعلماء کی طرف سے اس کے جواب میں مختلف مذاہب، تہذیبوں، ملکوں اور علاقوں میں ہونے والی شادیوں، عرب کے گرم موسم اور انسانی نشو ونما پر اس کے اثرات، اور اْس زمانے میں شادیوں کے رسم ورواج اور شادیوں کے سلسلہ میں رائج عمر اور نبی اکرمؐ کی مختلف شادیوں میں صرف حضرت عائشہؓ کا کنواری ہونا اوربقیہ دیگر ازواج مطہرات کی عمروں کی زیادتی بلکہ بیشتر کا بیوہ ہونا وغیرہ وغیرہ کے حوالے سے مطمئن کرنے کی کوششیں ہوتی رہیں جس کو عربی، انگریزی، اردو اور دیگر زبانوں کے لٹریچر میں باآسانی پڑھا جا سکتا ہے۔
اِس وقت یہ آواز وطن عزیز ہندوستان میں خاص ملکی صورت حال اور پس منظر میں اْٹھی ہے لہٰذا مناسب معلوم ہوتاہے کہ تاریخی وتحقیقی حوالوں کی روشنی میں اس چیز کا جائزہ لیاجائے کہ یہاں شادی کے تعلق سے کیا معمول رہا اوراس سلسلہ میں قانونی طور پر کب کیااقدام کئے گئے جس کی روشنی میں یہ اندازہ لگایاجاسکتاہے کہ اس کے پس پردہ کیا مقاصد کارفرما ہیں ؟ اور کیا یہ کسی حد تک معقول ہو سکتا ہے؟
ہندوستان میں کم سنی کی شادیوں کے تجزیاتی مطالعہ سے یہ حقائق کھل کر سامنے آئے کہ مختلف زمانوں میں علاقائی حالات اور ضرورتوں کے مدنظر شادی کی قانونی عمر میں یہاں واضح تفاوت رہا ا ور وقت کے بڑھنے کے ساتھ اس میں تبدیلیاں کی جاتی رہی ہیں۔ جس کی آخری کڑی چند مہینوں قبل ملکی پارلیمنٹ کے ذریعہ لڑکیوں کی عمر 18سے بڑھاکر 21اور لڑکوں کی 21 سے 23 کرنے کی تجویز ہے۔
واضح رہے کہ کم عمری کی شادیاں کسی خاص مذہب، کلچر اور ملک کے ساتھ خاص نہیں بلکہ یہ پوری دنیا میں ہمیشہ ہوتی رہی ہیں۔ ہاں یونیسف کی رپورٹ کے مطابق اس وقت وطن عزیز ہندوستان کم عمری کی شادی کے معاملہ میں پوری دنیا میں دوسرے نمبر پر ہے۔ پوری دنیا میں کم عمری کی 20 فیصد شادیاں صرف ہندوستان میں ہوتی ہیں، یہاں 49 فیصد لڑکیوں کی شادی 18 سال سے پہلے کر دی جاتی ہے۔ کیرالہ جو کہ ملک میں سب سے زیادہ تعلیم یافتہ ریاست ہے وہاں اب بھی کم عمری کی شادیاں کی جاتی ہیں اور اس میں اضافہ ہو رہا ہے، یونیسیف یونائیٹڈ نیشنز انٹرنیشنل چلڈرن ایمرجنسی فنڈ (UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund)کی رپورٹ کے مطابق ہندوستان کے دیہی علاقوں میں شہری علاقوں کی نسبت کم عمری کی شادیاں زیادہ ہوتی ہیں۔ بہار میں سب سے زیادہ 68 فیصد جبکہ ہماچل پردیش میں سب سے کم 9 فیصد کم عمری کی شادیاں ہوتی ہیں۔
یہ بات بھی قابل ذکر ہے کہ مختلف زمانوں میں کم عمری کی شادیوں کی تعریف اور اس کے لیے متعینہ عمر میں پوری دنیا اور خود ہندوستان میں بھی فرق رہا ہے اور مختلف زمانوں میں اس میں ملکی و علاقائی ضرورتوں کی روشنی میں تبدیلیاں ہوتی رہی ہیں۔ وطن عزیز ہندوستان کے پس منظر میں دیکھا جائے تو 1860 میں نافذ انڈین پینل کوڈ (آئی پی سی) نے 10 سال سے کم عمر کی لڑکی کے ساتھ کسی بھی طرح کے جنسی تعلق کو جرم قرار دیا تھا، پھر 1927 میں برطانوی حکومت نے ایک قانون کے ذریعے 12 سال سے کم عمر لڑکیوں کی شادیوں کو ناجائز قرار دیا تو برطانوی حکومت کے اس قانون کی بہت سے رہنماؤں نے سخت مخالفت کی اور اس کو ہندو رسم و رواج میں برطانوی مداخلت قرار دیا۔
برطانوی نوآبادیاتی دور میں 1929 میں پریونشن آف چائلڈ میرج ایکٹ(Prevention of Child Marriage Act) کے ذریعہ لڑکیوں اور لڑکوں کی شادی کی کم از کم عمر بالترتیب 14 اور 18 سال مقرر کی گئی، تو غیر منقسم برطانوی ہندوستان میں مسلم تنظیموں کے مظاہروں کے تحت 1937 میں ایک پرسنل لا شریعہ ایکٹ منظور کیا گیا تھاجس میں لڑکی کے سرپرست کی رضامندی سیاس سے بھی کم عمر کی شادیوں کی اجازت دے دی گئی، 1949 میں ترمیم کے ذریعے عام بچیوں کی شادی کی کم از کم عمر کو بڑھا کر 15 سال کر دیا گیا۔ 1978 میں اس قانون میں ایک بار پھر ترمیم کرکے بچیوں اور بچوں کے لیے شادی کی کم از کم عمر بالترتیب 18 اور 21 سال کر دی گئی۔ اسی طرح اسپیشل میرج ایکٹ 1954 اور پرہیبیشن آف چائلڈ میرج ایکٹ 2006 میں بھی خواتین اور مردوں کے لیے شادی کی کم از کم عمر بالترتیب 18 اور 21 سال مقرر کی گئی ہے۔
یونیسیف کی 2015-2016 کی رپورٹ کے مطابق ہندوستان میں کم عمری کی شادی کی شرح اب بھی 27 فیصد ہے۔ خود ملکی مردم شماری نے شادی شدہ خواتین کی عمر کے لحاظ سے جو اعداد وشمار جاری کئے ہیں اس کے مطابق 1981 کے بعد سے ہر 10 سال کی مردم شماری میں کم عمری کی شادیوں میں خواتین کا تناسب گرا ہے۔ ٹائمز آف انڈیا کی رپورٹ کے مطابق2001 کی مردم شماری میں 10 سال سے کم عمر کی شادیوں کے واقعات تو نہیں ملتے، لیکن 10-14 سال کے درمیان2.59 ملین شادیوں میں کم عمر شادیوں کی تعداد1.4 ملین، 15-19 سال کے درمیان 3 .46 ملین شادیوں میں کم عمر شادیوں کی تعداد 3.11 ملین رہی ہے۔ ہاں ان رپورٹوں سے یہ بات ضرور معلوم ہوتی ہے کہ 2001 کے بعد اس میں نمایاں کمی واقع ہوئی اور 2005 اور 2009 کے درمیان ہندوستان میں کم سنی کی شادیوں کی شرح میں تو 46 فیصد کمی آئی۔
مذکورہ بالا تفصیلات سے یہ بات پوری طرح واضح ہوگئی کہ1860 تک ہندوستان میں 10 سال یا اس سے زائد کی لڑکیوں سے جنسی تعلقات اور شادی قانونی طور پردرست تھی، 1927 میں جب برطانوی حکومت نے 12 سال سے کم عمر لڑکیوں کی شادی کو ناجائز قرار دیا تو اسے ہندو رسم و رواج کے مخالف قرار دیا گیا۔ 1929 میں لڑکیوں کی شادی کی عمر 14، 1949 میں 15 اور پھر 1978 میں 18سال تو کردی گئی لیکن لڑکی کے سرپرست کی رضامندی سے اس سے بھی کم عمر کی شادیوں کی اجازت دے دی گئی۔
2001 سے پہلے تک ہندوستان میں 10 سال سے کم عمری کی شادیاں قانونی تو نہیں لیکن ان کا عام رواج اورچلن تھا، 2001 کی مردم شماری میں 10 سے 14 سال کی شادیوں کی تعداد 1.4 ملین، 15 سے 19 سال کی شادیوں کی تعداد 3.11 ملین تھی، تو پھر آج سے چودہ سو سال پہلے اگر6 سال میں نکاح کے باوجود رخصتی نہیں ہوتی بلکہ 9 سال یعنی بلوغ کا انتظار کیا جاتا ہے تو اس پر اعتراض کا حق نا صرف یہ کہ کسی طرح معقول اور درست نہیں بلکہ یہ اقوام و مذاہب عالم میں غالبا شادی کے لئیعمر کی تعیین کا پہلا تاریخی اور ہر اعتبار سے قابل قدر اور ایک تجدیدی کارنامہ قرار دیا جانا چاہیے۔

(اس ویب سائٹ کے مضامین کوعام کرنے میں ہمارا تعاون کیجیے۔)
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Always had a thing for big dog breeds? And in today’s message I will certainly detail 9 large cable haired dog breeds.
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Also understood as Porties, the Portuguese Water Dog is commonly made use of for fishing as a result
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Many other breeds declined during the globe battles, yet the Groenendael’s efficiency allowed them to thrive.
Which dog breeds are the smartest? Dogs are an effective
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excellent hunting capabilities. But for cuddlers as well as squeakers,
this is a fantastic option. They are also pleasant
and fiercely dedicated, making them an excellent selection for anyone looking for a companion. You can maintain up the everyday health without the need to shower your pet dog frequently
– pet-safe wet wipes are a fantastic way to do this. However, it is very important to
bear in mind that Dramamine is an anti-nausea medication, not an anti-anxiety
one. If you head best to one of the most jampacked area in the park, it reveals that you like being around people as well as don’t mind
the loud noises of grownups and also children alike.
Disney World is expected to be a location where you go
and also fail to remember about the facts of the real world and also
enter a globe where anything is possible. She indicates that psychic advancement and knowledge are
occurring. Are you much more introverted or extroverted?
If a Puppy is drawn from their Mother prematurely, then they might not have had a possibility to get trainings from their Mother around acceptable attacking.
There are several techniques of training your puppy that
you may have found out about or also seen face to face with a dog
instructor. These smart Canis latrans have taken care of
to increase their environment from beginnings in the American Southwest to an ubiquitous existence
in rural, urban and also country settings throughout the entire continental
USA – also densely populated cities like Atlanta, Chicago,
New York City and also San Francisco. These spoiled pooches were given America
in the 1870s with the first of the breed acknowledged formally by the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 1885.
To now the Yorkie is still a popular pet dog,
and also for lots of excellent factors. The day-to-day Lake Shore Limited links Chicago
& New york city overnight, with links in Chicago from LA, San Francisco, Seattle, etc.
However, the Lake Shore reaches New York’s Penn station in the
early night, far too late for same-day connections with the ‘Mary, so
you’ll need to leave Chicago two nights before the ‘Mary sails
and invest a night in New York prior to cruising day.
In various other words, your dog may no longer be vomiting, yet that
doesn’t mean his stress and anxiety and also anxiety from remaining in the auto has actually gone away.
If your dog’s stress and anxiety is as well extreme you might also require to get medicine from your veterinarian. He was trying to do away with the birds.
I intend to get my hair cut-short-and I desire Truvy to do it.
Whichever you pick, get ready due to the fact that these dogs have huge paws, giant hearts, as well as huge personalities to match!
They additionally have great stamina. Fights have their very
own set of body movement that can aid you recognize when an intervention is required.
In politics, a dog whistle is using coded or suggestive language
in political messaging to amass support from a
specific team without provoking opposition …
Sometimes dogs make use of wailing as a method to call over someone.
I have not had my other half attempt strolling her in public
yet, and he is certainly even more of a press over than I am.
Since it ends up your dog is a female don’t you assume that probably it may
be nature like a women human and also naturally needs a bit
even more extra padding? The lungs are one of one
of the most crucial body organs in the human body.
We took the 30 most prominent huge breeds from that list.
Most Mastiff breeds are "broad-mouthed” dogs.
They belong to a team called folivores, which are a special kind of herbivores that
mostly eat leaves. They feed on fruits and also yard, however
primarily on the leaves of baobab trees. Their diet plan is composed of moss, fungi, lawn, and various other
sorts of plants. These nocturnal meat-eating pets have a diet that is composed largely of termites and
also ants. These omnivorous creatures have a diet plan that is composed of living and also breaking
down animals and plants. These very clever animals have an omnivorous diet regimen that includes fruits,
bugs, birds and also nuts. These carnivorous birds are known for diving down as well as taking
fish from the water. They occupy several bodies of water worldwide and
also are recognized for consuming the larvae of insects, water beetles, plants as well as smaller sized fish.
These omnivores largely delight in tree bark, acorns
and also, on unusual occasions, have been seen consuming pests and also little rats.
They are carnivorous and also feed on fish, birds and also, shellfishes.
This is why familiarizing on your own with specific large dog breeds can be
so valuable. For instance, artificial option for progressively big heads in bulldogs indicates that several bulldog puppies should
currently be birthed by Caesarean area. Recognized as a
sporting activity, this use for the bulldog was finished in 1835
after taking area for over six centuries.
Australian Shepherds were brushed for centuries to be the ultimate rounding up dog.
Britain’s Queen Victoria possessed a little Pomeranian whose dimension would wind
up being the contemporary requirement for the animal dog
kind. The below dimension and also rate graph is supplied for recommendation for the Pomeranian breed.
In general, the larger the breed or size of dog, the much shorter
the lifespan will be. Some of the common tasks of a Lab is being
a guide dog, aiding in authorities work, spotting narcotics as well as even more.
Commonly called the Japanese raccoon dog, the tanuki is
not a raccoon, however a canine types indigenous to Japan.
These dogs are hypoallergenic, making them fantastic dogs
for allergy sufferers. Please note, no pet is genuinely hypoallergenic,
some breeds are much better for individuals with allergic reactions and also some are not.
Common foods to activate skin allergic reactions
including grains (e.g., corn, wheat, rice, barley, oats) as well as hen. Read extra right here.
Howling is a common quality within the Siberian Husky breed,
yet there are a selection of reasons each specific husky may growl.
Logan is a gorgeous Shepherd/ Husky mix (proprietors claim real breed is Native American Indian Belgium Shepherd) with a good character.
Sophia is a beautiful Cairn Terrier mix with a good personality.
Vicar is a beautiful Labrador Retriever/ Hound
combine with a superb character. Blake is a black Labrador with a good character.
She gets along, affectionate, and has a good personality. She gets along, caring, as well as has an excellent temperament.
He is caring and also has a loyal temperament.
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"We get a lot of dogs who require a gentle leader,”
claims Kraut. However, the Bichon Frise’s outbound personality might be too frustrating for
a cat who likes to be laid off. Turns out, nonetheless, that great deals of animals present this actions (called the Flehmen response), and it does not indicate revulsion in all.
American Society for the Preventions of Cruelty to Animals.
It’s affiliated with eight specific companies: the Humane Society Legislative Fund,
the Doris Day Animal League, the Humane Society Youth, the Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association, the Humane Society University,
The Fund for Animals, the Center for Respect of
Life and also Environment, and the Wildlife Land Trust.
Preservation: In 1995, the HSUS established the HSUS Wildlife Land Trust in order to secure wild animals and
environments around the globe. HSUS is the largest pet security
agency in the U.S. In February 2008, the U.S. The Humane Awards: offered
to participants of the U.S. Others felt that was cruel as well as
broke what they were defending– those members broke short from the AHA and also started the
Humane Society of the USA. There are 569 paid employee–
including vets, behaviorists, attorneys and also biologists–
as well as the volunteers that work throughout the nation.
Article writing is also a fun, if you know after that you
can write otherwise it is complicated to write.
They discovered domesticated dogs can not
make the connection between domino effect. Even something like a resort rug cleaned up with a various
solvent might create your pet dog to establish a dermatitis.
Some dogs take to swimming like a duck to water, however some do not.
In the next area, we’ll have a look at the HSUS’ relationship with those various other groups.
Dogs function hard in their career as well as their Dog and also Monkey relationship.
The Humane Society wasn’t the first organization to pursue aiding pets.
The HSUS intended to make certain the companies it was aiding were truly keeping an eye out for the best welfare of animals.
It ends up that for the majority of stores and interior
locations, your puppy possibly can not accompany you in. Under 16
weeks: Puppy Starter (Parvovirus, Hepatitis, Distemper).
One puppy or kitten adopted in Plano leads the means for another one to be saved.
John is bewildered by cuteness in the kitty space
at the Cat House on the Kings shelter throughout his trips for
Must Love Cats.
If nothing aids, make certain to read our thorough overview on just how to calm a dog
down like a dog whisperer. I also like snacks. Many Pungsan dogs like to dig openings
in the yard as a method of expending energy.
What the Korean Jindo is to South Korea, the Pungsan dog is to North Korea.
The Yorkshire Terrier had its ups and downs in North America.
The price to purchase a Yorkshire Terrier – Yorkie differs
significantly as well as depends on many elements such as the breeders’ place, track record, trash dimension, family tree
of the puppy, breed popularity (supply and also demand), training,
socialization efforts, breed lines and a lot extra.
The Yorkshire Terrier, on the other hand, is good-natured and enjoys absolutely nothing even more
than to be a lap dog. Fathy is our large black, red, as well as brown, Belgian Malinois that likes
to work and has one of the most difficult hitting, efficient bite-work that you can discover in a dog.
Chodsky Pes Where the heck do I find one?
While he’ll take care of his household, he has a tendency to have a
severe, detached attitude that some locate off-putting.
Actually, there are many kinds of four-legged pals that the American Kennel Club examined its latest 2019 registration stats to discover the most preferred breeds in the country.
Yes! Finally something about cactus identification.
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Yes, they are considered one of the first hypoallergenic dog breeds.
And just one last hint; don’t attempt any amusing stuff.
Well, I like salad and also I love Jello, so I would give it a try!
1. What kind of dog is Queen Elizabeth II of England meant to like?
Look to the Video part of the left-hand nav bar if you’re the
kind of individual who wants to drop in a meme for
ironic or imaginative result. Who is holding this box?
Anyone that has a pet dog might have heard that you can obtain pet
insurance policy for your furry pals. You could find on your own dumped on a remote jetty by the Guildmaster.
But you’ll discover that out for on your own quickly sufficient.
Puzzles to blow your brains out. Graphic images to blow your socks off.
Package blurb: Why Buy This Game When You Could Steal It?
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